Загрязнители промышленных сточных вод

Common Contaminants in Industrial Wastewater

Industrial wastewater is a major environmental concern, containing a variety of contaminants that can pose significant risks to ecosystems and human health. Proper identification and treatment of these pollutants are crucial for industries to comply with regulations and minimize their environmental impact.

ОТКУДА МОЖЕТ ВЗЯТЬСЯ ВОДА

Organic Pollutants

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) & Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD): Indicate the amount of oxygen required to break down organic matter. High levels can deplete oxygen in water bodies, harming aquatic life.

Petroleum Hydrocarbons: Found in oil refineries, automotive, and chemical industries, causing water pollution and toxicity.

Phenols & Pesticides: Common in chemical manufacturing and agriculture, highly toxic and persistent in the environment.

Inorganic Pollutants

Heavy Metals (Pb, Hg, Cd, Cr, As, Zn, Cu, Ni): Released from mining, electroplating, and manufacturing industries, these metals are non-biodegradable and accumulate in living organisms, causing long-term toxicity.

Nutrients (Nitrogen & Phosphorus): Excessive levels, commonly from fertilizer plants and food processing industries, lead to eutrophication, causing harmful algal blooms.

Salts & Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): High concentrations from textile, tannery, and chemical plants can disrupt freshwater ecosystems and affect soil quality.

Suspended Solids&Sediments

Includes dust, soil, and particles from industrial activities like mining, construction, and food processing. They cause water turbidity, reducing sunlight penetration and oxygen levels.

Pathogenic Microorganisms

Found in wastewater from pharmaceutical and food industries, these bacteria, viruses, and parasites can spread diseases if not properly treated.

　　Challenges in Industrial Wastewater Treatment

　　· Complex Composition: Industrial wastewater varies greatly in contaminant type and concentration, requiring customized treatment approaches.

　　· High Treatment Costs: Advanced treatment technologies such as membrane filtration and chemical oxidation are expensive.

　　· Regulatory Compliance: Industries must meet strict environmental discharge limits to avoid fines and penalties.

　　· Energy Consumption: Some treatment methods, like evaporation and
incineration, require significant energy input.

　　Industrial Wastewater Treatment Solutions

Physical Treatment Methods	Chemical Treatment Methods	Biological Treatment Methods	Advanced Treatment Technologies
Sedimentation & Filtration: Removes suspended solids and large particles.	Coagulation & Flocculation: Helps settle suspended particles and organic matter.	Activated Sludge Process: Uses bacteria to degrade organic matter.	Low-Temperature Evaporation: Highly efficient for treating high-salinity and hazardous waste streams.
Membrane Filtration (RO, UF, NF): Used for high-salinity and fine particle removal.	Oxidation (Ozone, Fenton, Electrochemical): Breaks down toxic organic pollutants.	Anaerobic Digestion: Converts organic waste into biogas for energy recovery.	Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) Systems: Maximizes water recovery and minimizes waste.
	Neutralization: Adjusts pH levels for safe discharge.	Constructed Wetlands: A natural filtration system using plants and microbes.	Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs): Effective for breaking down persistent pollutants.